Sentient Developments: The Fermi Paradox: Back with a vengeance. This article is partly adapted from my Trans. Vision 2. 00. 7 presentation, “Whither ET? What the failing search for extraterrestrial intelligence tells us about humanity's future.”The Fermi Paradox is alive and well. As our sciences mature, and as the search for extraterrestrial intelligence continues to fail, the Great Silence becomes louder than ever. The seemingly empty cosmos is screaming out to us that something is askew. Our isolation in the Universe has in no small way shaped and defined the human condition. It is such an indelible part of our reality that it is often taken for granted or rationalized to extremes. To deal with the cognitive dissonance created by the Great Silence, we have resorted to good old fashioned human arrogance, anthropocentrism, and worse, an inter- galactic inferiority complex. ![]() We make excuses and rationalizations like, . Our sciences are steadily maturing and we are discovering more and more that our isolation in the cosmos and the dearth of observable artificial phenomenon is in direct violation of our expectations, and by consequence, our own anticipated future as a space- faring species. Indeed, one of the greatest philosophical and scientific challenges that currently confronts humanity is the unsolved question of the existence of extraterrestrial intelligences (ETI's). We have yet to see any evidence for their existence. It does not appear that ETI’s have come through our solar system; we see no signs of their activities in space; we have yet to receive any kind of communication from them. Adding to the Great Silence is the realization that they should have been here by now - - the problem known as the Fermi Paradox. The Fermi Paradox. The Fermi Paradox is the contradictory and counter- intuitive observation that we have yet to see any evidence for the existence of ETI’s. The size and age of the Universe suggests that many technologically advanced ETI’s ought to exist. Probability and the Birthday Paradox. A mysterious math problem from Science Buddies. However, this hypothesis seems inconsistent with the lack of observational evidence to support it. Largely ignored in 1. Enrico Fermi famously asked, “Where is everybody,” and virtually dismissed at the seminal SETI conference in 1. Michael Hart in 1. Here are some reasons why. ![]() Designer Bridal & Wedding Shoes. Here at Paradox London we're all about designer bridal & wedding shoes. We revolutionised the market back in 2002 with a range of. The Liar Paradox is an argument that arrives at a contradiction by reasoning about a Liar Sentence. The Classical Liar Sentence is the self-referential. Return to updates The Two-Envelopes Paradox by Miles Mathis A reader recently sent me a question about this problem, which—believe it or not—I hadn't seen. Paradox: A Gestalt Theory of Change. Underlying the application of Gestalt theory to organization development, consulting, and/or coaching is an. Define paradox: something (such as a situation) that is made up of two opposite things and that seems impossible but is — paradox in a sentence. Take the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) to get an idea of your scores in the different time perspectives. You can also take the Transcendental-future Time. The most famous paradoxes - examples include liar paradox, barber paradox, doubtful existence of God, sentences from life, sophisms. Our Universe contains about 1. And this is what exists right now; there have been a billion trillion stars in our past Universe. The Milky Way Galaxy formed a mere 2. Galaxy nearly as old as the Universe itself. Work by Charles Lineweaver has shown that planets also began forming a very long time ago; he places estimates of Earth- like planets forming 9 billion years ago (Gyr). According to Lineweaver, the median age of planets in the Galaxy is 6. Gyr which is significantly more than the Earth’s age. An average terrestrial planet in the Galaxy is 1. Gyr older than the Earth. It is estimated that three quarters of earth- like planets in the Galactic habitable zone are older than the Earth. We have a growing conception of where habitation could be sustained in the Galaxy. The requirements are a host star that formed between 4 to 8 Gyr ago, enough heavy elements to form terrestrial planets, sufficient time for biological evolution, an environment free of sterilization events (namely super novae), and an annular region between 7 and 9 kiloparsecs from the galactic center that widens with time. Most of these are so- called “hot Jupiters,” but the possibility that their satellites could be habitable cannot be ruled out. Many of these systems have stable circumstellar habitable zones. Somewhat shockingly, the first Earth- like planet was discovered earlier this year orbiting the red star Gilese 5. Earth, is suspected to have water and an atmosphere, and its temperature fluctuates between 0 and 4. Celsius. Life emerged quickly thereafter 3 Gyr ago. Some estimates show that life emerged in as little as 6. The Earth itself has been a potentially infectious agent for nearly 3 billion years. Evidence has emerged that some grains of material in our solar system came from beyond our solar system. Recent experiments show that microorganisms can survive dormancy for long periods of time and under space conditions. We also now know that rocks can travel from Mars to Earth. Biological diversity is probably much larger than conventionally assumed. Developing conception of a biophilic Universe in which the cosmological parameters for the existence of life appear finely tuned. As scientists delve deeper and deeper into the unsolved mysteries of the Universe, they are discovering that a number of cosmological parameters are excruciatingly specific. So specific, in fact, that any minor alteration to key parameters would throw the entire Universe off kilter and result in a system completely unfriendly to life. The parameters of the Universe that are in place are so specific as to almost suggest that spawning life is in fact what the Universe is supposed to do. There has also been the growing acceptance of Neo- Darwinism. Advances in computer science have reshaped our conception of what is possible from an informational and digital perspective. There is the growing acceptance of systems theories which take emergent properties and complexity into account. Game theory and the rise of rational intelligence add another level to this dynamic mix. Development of sociobiological observations as they pertain to the rapid evolution of intelligent life and the apparent radical potential for advanced intelligence. Exponential change. Kurzweil’s Law of Accelerating Returns. Steady advances in information technologies. Artificial intelligence. Cybernetics, and so on. And then there is the theoretic potential for a technological Singularity, digital minds, artificial superintelligence, molecular nanotechnology, and other radical possibilities. There is also emerging speculation about the feasibility of interstellar travel, colonization and communication. In other words. The Universe and the Milky Way are extremely old, our galaxy has been able to produce rocky planets for quite some time now, and our earth is a relative new- comer to the galaxy. The composition of our solar system and the Earth itself may not be as rare as some astronomers and astrobiologists believe. These discoveries are a serious blow to the Rare Earth Hypothesis – the idea that the genesis, development and proliferation of life is an extremely special event. It’s also a blow to Brandon Carter’s anthropicargument which takes a very human- centric approach to understanding cosmology, suggesting that our existence as observers imposes the sort of Universe that only we can observe. Finally, the Universe appears capable of spawning radically advanced intelligence – the kind of advanced intelligence that transhumanists speculate about, namely post- Singularity, post- biological machine minds. Given intelligent life's ability to overcome scarcity, and its tendency to colonize new habitats, it seems likely that any advanced civilization would seek out new resources and colonize first their star system, and then surrounding star systems. Indeed, estimates place the time to colonize the Galaxy anywhere from one million to 1. We should be living in a Galaxy that is saturated with intelligence and highly organized. Thus, it may be assumed that intelligent life is rare, or, given our seemingly biophilic Universe, our assumptions about the general behaviour of intelligent civilizations are flawed. A paradox is a paradox for a reason: it means there’s something wrong in our thinking. So, where is everybody? Part II: The Fermi Paradox: Advanced Civilization Do Not.. Part III: The Fermi Paradox: Possible Solutions and Next Steps. Great Filter,” (preprint athttp: //hanson. Levine: “Mass of the Milky Way and Dwarf Spheroidal Stream Membership.”. The Galactic Habitable Zone: Galactic Chemical Evolution,” Icarus 1. Lineweaver, Charles H., Fenner , Yeshe, and Gibson, Brad K. The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way.”; M. Astronomers Claim Discovery of Earth- like Planet. Mojzsis: http: //spot. From panspermia to bioastronomy, the evolution of the hypothesis of universal life,” Orig. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe (Springer, New York). Lineweaver, Charles H., Fenner , Yeshe, and Gibson, Brad K. Grinspoon, David, Lonely Planets, Ecco; 1st edition (November 4, 2.
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Reactions is a show that uncovers the chemistry all around us. We answer the burning questions you’ve always wanted to ask: -How can I get my smartphone batt. Key Concepts: A physical change, such as a state change or dissolving, does not create a new substance, but a chemical change does. In a chemical reaction, the atoms. What Is a Reaction in Chemistry? Reaction Definition: A reaction or chemical reaction is a chemical change which forms new substances. Reaction Examples: The chemical reaction H2(g) +. Reaction definition, as used in chemistry, chemical engineering, and physics. Re·ac·tion (r. A response to a stimulus. The state resulting from such a response. A reverse or opposing action. Reaction or response papers are usually requested by teachers so that you'll consider carefully what you think or feel about something you've read. List Of Reaction WordsPossibly some slight reaction to their previous disappointment may have already set in; perhaps they felt any distraction to be a relief to their anxiety about their. Experiment: How Fast Your Brain Reacts To Stimuli. How fast do you think you are? Do you know what a reflex and a reaction are? This lesson plan tells all about the. If Felipa noticed her reaction, she gave no indication. If she needed any reassurance about her appearance, it was immediately supplied by Yancey's reaction when she. Endless Sky on Steam. The unstable 0. 9. This release adds a lot of new content and features, and may contain bugs. Major changes include: Ship and outfit values now depreciate over time, which makes it harder to become absurdly wealthy. The main view's zoom can now be adjusted between 2. UI zoom. Commands can now be given to groups of escorts instead of to your whole fleet. New Wanderer missions, doubling the length of their story line and introducing a new ship. New alien faction, the Coalition, with 1. Scanning now takes time, to make dodging scans more interesting and less impossible. Systems and planets can now specify MP3s to play as music or ambient audio. The goal of depreciation is to lengthen the mid- game: the period of time when you are no longer flying the wimpiest possible ship, but are not yet so powerful that no battle is a challenge or a threat. Ships and outfits lose value each day until they're a year old, at which point they are worth 2. Captured ships and plundered outfits always start out fully depreciated. The new . All the previous escort commands now only apply to the selected group, and you can also issue attack or move commands by right- clicking. The view can be zoomed in or out using the mouse wheel in order to see the . For a complete list, see the changelog. Special thanks to the large group of people who contributed to this release: @Amazinite, @Barthalion, @Bladewood, @CH- de, @comnom, @Dingus. Shingleton, @doches, @Elyssaen, @gecko- locator, @Isaacssv. Ki. LEd. En. Nis, @kozbot, @Local. God. 79, @Miller. Nerd, @Pointed. Stick, @retrue, @TJesionowski, @warp- core, and @Wrzlprnft. ![]() Cuba holidays with Thomson. From a full package to just a flight or a hotel throughout Cuba Thomson has it all. We offer hot air balloon rides, exclusive flights, tethers, commercial promotions, and flight training in Northeastern and Southeastern Pennsylvania. The E6B flight computer, nicknamed the "whiz wheel", is a form of circular slide rule used in aviation and one of a very few analog computers in widespread use in the. Why book your flights to Sydney with Trailfinders? We are the UK’s leading discount flight specialists with instant access to the widest range of great value Sydney. Buzz Air Flight Academy has been providing outstanding aircraft training since we opened our doors in 2008. Every day, we strive to provide you with friendly service. In the third part you'll find 30 new missions, lots of new guns and ALL weapons and missions from previous parts. Also, now you can choose equipment for each mission.
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Bill Burr's Walk Your Way Out is now up on Netflix : Bill. Burr. I'm lucky enough to watch him almost weekly in Los Angeles, and see him work out all his material, and I have seen everything in this special 2. It still made me laugh loads, but he was off this night. The crowd was limp, and he just wasn't in the zone. The nervous laughter, the repetition, the battling the crowd, was so unlike him when he's ON. His wife was 7 months pregnant, he probably hadn't slept in ages, and Nashville might have been a bad choice. The big indicator to me, is he barely lent on the stand. When he is feeling it, he leans on that thing, and he just owns the room. Can't remember him doing it once, on this special. He also left out some great bits he'd been working on, like his incredible Caitlin Jenner bit (he mentioned it, but didn't do it) probably because Rogan just did one on his special, and everyone's doing it. It's really good, but he's Bill. I'm judging him as Bill, my favourite comedian in the world. ![]() Bill Burr: Walk Your Way Out (2017):Comedian Bill Burr takes the stage in Nashville and riffs. No-nonsense comic Bill Burr takes the stage in Nashville and riffs on fast food, overpopulation. Bill Burr: Walk Your Way Out. Bill Burr's new special 'Walk Your Way Out' to debut this January. Bill Burr's new special 'Walk Your Way Out. ![]() Bill Burr WikipediaBuy Tickets for Bill Burr Today. Compare Our Prices and Save. McDonald's - Walk Your Way Out REACTION O'BEN. Unsubscribe from O'BEN? Bill Burr stands in front a live audience and does stand up comedy. Watch Movies Online for Free. Watch Bill Burr: Walk Your Way Out Online. It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Wednesday, February 22nd, 2017. It's Valentine's Day and Paddy's is packed. It will be aired on February 22, 2017. Original comedy series It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia is back! This season, the gang goes to a waterpark, deals with a Wolf Cola PR nightmare, and. It's Valentine's Day and Paddy's is packed with customers. Dennis implores the gang to. Watch It's always sunny in Philadelphia Season 12 Episode 8 - It's Valentine's Day and Paddy's is packed. Dennis tries to get the gang to do one single day of work. ON It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Click the box. But “The Gang Tends Bar” is a particularly artful display of just how self-obsessed these people are. Av Club It's Always SunnyWatch It's always sunny in Philadelphia Season 1. Episode 8 The Gang Tends Bar online. It's Valentine's Day and Paddy's is packed. Dennis tries to get the gang to do one single day of work, but they are more interested in a mystery crate in the alley. ![]() Old (Danny Brown album) - Wikipedia. Old is the third studio album by American rapper Danny Brown. It was released on October 8, 2. Fool's Gold Records and Alternative Distribution Alliance. The album is Brown's first project to be officially sold through music outlets and digital retailers, whereas his previous projects were self- released for free and made available online. The album includes production from American, British and Canadian record producers such as A- Trak, Bad. Bad. Not. Good, Frank Dukes, Oh No, Paul White, Rustie and Skywlkr, among others. The album also features guest appearances from fellow artists such as Freddie Gibbs, ASAP Rocky, Schoolboy Q, Ab- Soul, Scrufizzer, Charli XCX and Purity Ring. The album was supported by three singles, . Old received widespread acclaim from critics, and debuted at number 1. Billboard 2. 00, selling 1. Background. We're pretty much just figuring out a way of presenting the right way to get released. I can't really elaborate on what that means until the album comes out, and then they'll get it. I don't want to give too much because then it'll be a much more rewarding listen for my fans. I don't know if I laugh as much - I think I laugh when it's over with, and that's the difference between this album and XXX. With XXX, you laugh throughout it, and by the time it was over with, you were like, 'Oh that wasn't too funny.' This one, when it's over, you're laughing hysterically. In December, Brown also said it's about .
DarquiDescription: Ellie is a very calm girl with lots of bone and substannce. She is one of the better Akitas we have produced. Ellie loves children and other dogs as long. Find the nearest Darque Tan location to you. Enter your zip code or address. Over 100 locations nationwide. SilverFame L'élevage propose des pensions poulinage avec le suivit de votre jument gestante, ainsi qu'un accompagnement pour l'éducation du poulain. Felix Delgado (born December 18, 1974), better known by his stage name Cuban Link, is a Cuban American rapper and original member of Terror Squad. The way I look at it, I've always been two different artists anyway; I do that underground hip hop shit and that turned- up trap shit. XXX told a story, so I wanted this one to be like . I wanna hear that J Dilla Danny Brown.' So I . You know what I'm sayin? And now I do more so of a electronic, grime influence, Dizzee Rascal style. But it's like, I'm from Detroit, that was the both sides of it. Detroit, you stay in the house for days. I think it's what makes us experimental. You're trapped inside and bored. My new album is very emotional. It's a party album, but it’s dark. And when I started making Old, I was trying to think of artists that came back from getting great reviews and made an album that was just as good– or better! The only group I could really come up with was Radiohead. So if XXX was my OK Computer, then I'd have to make my Kid A next. So I studied Kid A, and I took away that it's not so much about the lyrics as it is about the way the beats feel, so what drives this album is the production. I wanted to have the most amazing beats, but I still want them to sound minimal– it's still gotta sound like a Danny Brown beat. It can't sound like no fucking Kanye orchestra shit. That's why I took so long with making this album. I was waiting for the perfect beats. And I got 'em.“”— Danny Brown speaking on the process of recording Old. MFN e. Xquire, Scrufizzer and Charli XCX, to the list of guest appearances on the album. The song, produced by Boulder, Colorado- based producer Trampy, features a fast- paced electronic beat and is a composition about the popular dance craze twerking. I just have anxiety - - I'm just nervous about it. The more I listen to it, it's just like, 'Damn!' It's almost like I didn't really do this shit. It came from a higher power, and as I'm listening to it now, I'm starting to hear things that I didn't even know. Just doing things with my heart instead of than my brain and my ears. The song was produced by Paul White, with Brown declaring . For the trek, the Fool's Gold signees began in Houston, Texas on April 9, 2. Fitzgerald's. The brief trek, which only hit the West Coast, made stops in Austin, Texas, Tucson, Arizona and San Francisco, California. They played both weekends of the Coachella Music and Arts Festival, and wrapped up the tour on the second weekend (April 2. For his first- ever headlining tour, Brown began at South by Southwest (SXSW) on March 1. After completing his Worst of Both Worlds trek with Baauer, he was joined by Kitty for stops in St. Louis, Missouri, Ann Arbor, Michigan, New York City, New York and Madison, Wisconsin. The tour concluded at Indianapolis, Indiana's Deluxe on May 1. To celebrate, he released a stream of the Skywlkr- produced . Brown then threatened to leak the album himself: . The footage was released in promotion for the album on August 1. The song had previously been performed by Brown at live events, however Ronson received the studio version of the track. The song, produced by Bruiser Brigade's Skywlkr, samples Freak Nasty's 1. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 1. Acutely aware of expectations and potential criticism, Danny doubled down on what makes him great instead of selling out. Here's to aging gracefully. Brown displays real bravery in his willingness to merge the sacred with the profane, the independent with the arena- ready, the old with the new. As the binaries of rap continue to collapse, Brown looks less like an outcast and more like a trailblazer. It feels like time is on his side. It isn't traditionally enjoyable, and it isn't supposed to be. But for Danny Brown, the pill- popping, pussy- eating squawk- box, it's the most daring record he could've made. It's an album that feels measured and well timed and yet avoids sounding over- polished or awkwardly stage- managed. He might be getting older, but Danny Brown is bucking the rap trend and aging gracefully, and he's putting way too many freshmen to shame in the process. Kendrick might not have shouted him out on . Luckily, he does, and while Old often seems like a hip- hop kaleidoscope exploding across the speakers, it's also crafted and paced, split down the middle like a great LP with a sure start and a freeing finish. If XXX was the come- up and the . This is Brown at war with himself, proud of success but tired of the persona it required. The production is vivid, trippy and abrasive, bleeding the line between hip- hop and EDM – a sound as compellingly haywire as Brown is an MC. Donaldson and Chauncey Hollis. Personnel. Freaker – producer. DJ Romes – mixing. Frank Dukes – mixing, producer. Freddie Gibbs – featured artist. Nick Hook – engineer. Benjamin Jacobs – administration. J- MIKE – producer. Leon Kelly – engineer. Filip Nikolic – instrumentation, programming. Oh No – mixing, producer. Dart Parker – management. Purity Ring – featured artist. Corin Roddick – producer. Paul D. Rosenberg – management. Rustie – engineer, mixing, producer. Tatsuya Sato – mastering. Sc. Hoolboy Q – featured artist. Scrufizzer – featured artist. Skywlkr – producer. Scott Stallone – mixing. Matt Tavares – engineer, mixing. Josh Wehle – collage, photography. Paul White – engineer, producer. References! Archived from the original on March 2. Retrieved December 1. Retrieved December 2. Retrieved August 2. Retrieved March 2. Retrieved August 2. Archived from the original on September 2. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved January 3, 2. Retrieved August 2. Retrieved 2. 7 April 2. The Fader Media Group. Retrieved 2. 7 April 2. Retrieved August 2. Retrieved August 2. Prometheus Global Media. Horowitz (March 1, 2. Retrieved March 1. Horowitz (March 8, 2. Retrieved March 1. Retrieved March 2. A$AP Rocky & Zelooperz. Retrieved August 1. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved November 5, 2. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved September 1. Archived from the original on 2. Retrieved April 9, 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved January 2. Retrieved October 3. Retrieved October 3, 2. Retrieved October 6, 2. Retrieved September 2. Retrieved October 9, 2. Retrieved September 2. Archived from the original on October 2, 2. Retrieved October 3, 2. Retrieved October 3, 2. Retrieved October 9, 2. Retrieved October 3, 2. Retrieved February 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2. Retrieved October 3, 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved September 2. Retrieved 1. 2 October 2. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 1, 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved November 1. Retrieved November 1. Retrieved November 1. Nearly a year after Prince's death, heirs are still grappling with his estate. It looks like determining Prince’s heirs might have been the easy part. The six people who stand to inherit the multimillion dollar estate are divided over how to proceed, months after they were identified as heirs and nearly a year after the late megastar’s body was found at his Paisley Park complex. Recent filings in Carver County District Court show disagreements between the heirs about how to use money from the estate — estimated at $1. Prince died April 2. When he died, Pablo Picasso left behind some 45,000 works, all complicated by countless authentications, rights, and licensing deals. Milton Esterow delves into the. His heirs are his sister Tyka Nelson and half- siblings Sharon, Norrine and John Nelson, Omarr Baker and Alfred Jackson. The heirs have filed attorney’s fees totaling more than $4 million, ranging from about $3. Sharon, Norrine and John Nelson, to more than $1. Alfred Jackson, according to court documents. Sharon, Norrine and John Nelson filed memorandums arguing against paying the attorneys’ fees of the other three heirs, saying they include unnecessary expenses. Meanwhile, Tyka Nelson and Baker have objected to paying more than $7. Stinson Leonard Street, the firm that represented Bremer Trust in its former role as special administrator. Nelson and Baker, through their attorneys, argued that Stinson failed to prove the fees — which represent just a month of work — benefited the estate. Additionally, Nelson and Baker argued, “Stinson has been less than forthcoming” with the heirs since Prince’s death, “and caused confusion among various parties.”In late January, Carver County Judge Kevin Eide appointed Comerica Bank and Trust as personal representative for the estate, and the bank took over Bremer’s duties with the heirs’ unanimous support. But court documents show that’s caused problems, too. In a sworn statement March 1. Sharon Nelson said Comerica hasn’t made good on promises to work with the heirs to ensure Prince’s legacy and distribute the estate quickly. At a Feb. 2. 8 meeting with five of the heirs, Nelson said, Comerica representatives said the bank would be in charge of the estate for 1. At one point, she said, “representatives from Comerica spoke very harshly to the . It’s not yet clear if the rest agree. Attorneys for Comerica could not be reached for comment. A hearing in the case is scheduled for April 7. 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I realize that all ingredients were tested on animals at one time. But I do not want to support a brand that is currently testing on animals. I don’t believe the bullshit that . You can also make products in China, but not sell in China, and be cruelty free. How I determine if a brand is cruelty free. Subscribe to my Youtube Channel for cruelty free beauty! Last Updated – May 1. In Short: I support cruelty free brands who are not currently testing on animals and who are not currently selling in countries that require mandatory animal testing. I support brands who are cruelty free even if their parent company is not cruelty free. I prefer it when brands get Leaping Bunny Certification. I email and ask brands to do this. Cruelty is indifference to suffering and pleasure in inflicting suffering. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting. You should ask them too! Learn how easy it is for a brand to become Leaping Bunny Certified! If you don’t consider a brand to be cruelty free, even if I do, don’t buy from them. You can always email a brand directly, too. Rolling Stone takes you inside the dark underbelly of factory farming in the meat industry. The ASPCA was founded in 1866 “to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States.”. With George Clooney, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Geoffrey Rush, Cedric the Entertainer. A beautiful gold digger matches wits with a shrewd Beverly Hills divorce lawyer who. Ultimate Cruelty Free Makeup Brands List. Makeup, nail polish, skincare & haircare are included in this list. Cruelty free and vegan. Organization dedicated to protecting animals from suffering and promoting their welfare and dignity. Includes pet of the week and ways to donate. Voting with your money matters! Cruelty Free Beauty and Makeup Guides. 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Jane Iredale (Leaping Bunny Certified)Japonesque. Jason Naturals. Jeffree Star (Leaping Bunny Certified)(vegan)Jeffrey James Botanicals (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jellen (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jess’ Bee Natural Lip Balm (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jesse’s Girl. Jing Ai (Leaping Bunny Certified)JINsoon. John Russo Beauty (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jordana Cosmetics (Leaping Bunny Certified)Josie Maran. Jouer (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jouve (Leaping Bunny Certified)Jovovo Naturals (Leaping Bunny Certified)Juice Beauty (Leaping Bunny Certified)Julep. Animal Cruelty Is the Price We Pay for Cheap Meat. Sarah, who grew up in a West Coast household busy with pets of all kinds – birds, hamsters, a dog, a ferret, even a python – got a BS in zoology, interned at a big- cat rescue and worked for a while at a zoo. But conflicted about caring for captive animals, she moved on to a sanctuary for rescued primates: spider monkeys, marmosets and such, recovered from private owners and research labs. Their treatment in these places – “trapped in cages their whole lives, never seeing another animal” – inflamed her to come out from behind the fence and put herself at risk for their sake. Luckily, she wasn’t outed till after she quit, but lived in fear that her concern for sows would tip staffers off to her. With no one around to stop her, Sarah slips through a gate and kneels beside a calf that can’t get up. Its velveteen eyes are wet but blank; it barely stirs when jostled by other calves. One day, we’re doing repairs on a gate in the barn and a couple of cows stroll over to watch us work. Well, one grazes him with her snout, just to be playful, and he smashes her in the face with his wrench. I also got him bragging about past assaults, like tying a cow to a fence and taking turns beating her, getting the other guys to work her over.”Carlson’s secretly recorded footage, compiled over more than a month, triggered a cruelty indictment and cost the dairy a major buyer. The takedown, in 2. Carlson’s first assignment. Hired out of college by Kroll Advisory Solutions to gather business data, he left to find work at a nonprofit firm devoted to social justice. Neither the Polaris Project nor the Environmental Investigation Agency called back, but Mercy for Animals did. After several weeks of training, he hired on at Willet, a giant dairy in Locke, New York, that churned out 4. So damning was his footage of standard factory- farming practice – chopping the tails off calves without anesthesia; gouging the horns off their heads with hot branding irons, also without anesthesia; punching cows, kicking calves, beating desperately sick downers – that Nightline ran it on national TV, confronting Willet’s CEO on camera. Shown tape of the tortured calves, and pressed on whether a cow feels pain, he rolled his shoulders and mumbled, “I guess I can’t speak for the cow.” It bears saying here that nothing would have come from the tape if left to the whims of Jon Budelmann, the Cayuga County DA. There are laws in every state barring cruelty to house pets, but almost none that safeguard farm animals. To the extent that prosecutors can bring charges, they’re typically misdemeanors that call for small fines and a ban on taking farm jobs in the future. Look at what happened in New York.” After Carlson’s tape aired, New York State Assemblywoman Linda Rosenthal proposed a law against docking, or cutting the tails off, calves, a practice as pointless as it is despicable. Three years later, the bill is still pending in the Agriculture committee. But Carlson, a lean, handsome blond of 3. He moved on, in the fall of ’0. Humane Society and took a series of jobs at hen factories in Iowa, working for Rose Acre Farms and Rembrandt Foods, the second- and third- largest producers of eggs in the United States. What he saw there beggared the dairy- barn horrors: dozens of poorly vented hangar- size plants, each one housing hundreds of thousands of birds in stacked cages the size of microwave ovens. The hens, stuffed seven to 1. Carlson, the sole attendant for 3. But four months later, the FDA swooped in. It busted several Iowa hen farms whose vile conditions spawned a salmonella outbreak in 2. U. S. Neither Rose Acre Farms nor Rembrandt Foods were among the factories cited. Triggers New Broom, The Ship of Theseus. Publicerades den 2. The ship of Theseus, also known as Theseus' paradox, is a paradox that raises the question of whether an object which has had all its component parts replaced remains fundamentally the same object. The paradox is most notably recorded by Plutarch in Life of Theseus from the late 1st century. Poseidon is a god of many names. He is most famous as the god of the sea. The son of Cronus and Rhea, Poseidon is one of six siblings who eventually "divided the. Plutarch asked whether a ship which was restored by replacing all its wooden parts, remained the same ship. The paradox had been discussed by more ancient philosophers such as Heraclitus, Socrates, and Plato prior to Plutarch's writings; and more recently by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. There are several variants, notably . This thought experiment is. Persoonsidentiteit - Wikipedia. De centrale vraag bij persoonsidentiteit: Hoe komt het dat een persoon door de tijd heen dezelfde persoon is? Onder persoonsidentiteit verstaat men de unieke numerieke identiteit van een persoon door de tijd heen. Persoonsidentiteit houdt dus in dat men op twee verschillende tijdstippen toch nog van dezelfde persoon kan spreken; het gaat dus om het gegeven dat men bijvoorbeeld morgen nog dezelfde persoon is als vandaag. Men moet het dus niet opvatten als de vraag naar karaktertrekken of de natuur van de mens, maar daarentegen als de vraag wat een persoon net tot . Het fenomeen van persoonsidentiteit vormt een klassiek probleem in de filosofie van de geest, in de zin dat filosofen er niet in slagen uit te leggen hoe het nu net komt dat een persoon op twee verschillende tijdstippen dezelfde persoon is; men blijkt niet in staat het principe achter deze persoonsidentiteit aan te duiden of uit te leggen. ![]() ![]() Het probleem van persoonsidentiteit is vooral een veel besproken probleem in de hedendaagse filosofie, voornamelijk in de analytische filosofie. Dit wil echter niet zeggen dat het niet bij andere filosofen voorkomt. Zo spraken ook vele vroegere filosofen als reeds over dit probleem. In feite was het probleem al gekend onder de naam van de paradox rond het Schip van Theseus. Ook komt het voor in de werken van meer continentale filosofen, in de psychoanalyse alsook in vele oosterse filosofie. Het gaat er dus om dat het onduidelijk is dat we dezelfde persoon blijven ondanks de talloze veranderingen, zowel in je eigen geval als dat van anderen.
Technisch geformuleerd gaat het om de vraag waarop we ons baseren wanneer we stellen dat iemand numeriek identiek is door de tijd heen. Persoonsidentiteit is dus geen psychologisch vraagstuk in de zin dat het vraagt naar de aard van ons karakter, geen vraag over de eigenheid van de mens zelf (personhood) tegenover het dier, noch is het een ethische vraag naar de aard van de mens (of hij al dan niet goed van nature is of niet). De vraag naar de persoonsidentiteit laat zich opsplitsen in twee delen: De epistemologische vraag: hoe kan ik weten dat iemand dezelfde persoon is of niet? De ontologische vraag: wat maakt persoon X numeriek identiek door de tijd heen? Naast de vraag naar het fundament van deze identiteit, dit . Voorbeelden hiervan zijn de vraag naar wat dit zelf nu net inhoudt, wanneer dit zelf ontstond en wat ermee gebeurt nadat de persoon in kwestie sterft. Het probleem rond de persoonsidentiteit is niet louter een formeel probleem, maar kan verregaande gevolgen hebben. This is the living breathing core of all rocket design. Delta Vee equals Vee Ee times Natural Log of Arr. This is the secret that makes rocket design possible. An Interpretation of Theseus and the Minotaur Martin S Olivier Abstract This essay describes the legend of Theseus and the Minotaur. Als men er niet op een adequate manier in slaagt deze persoonsidentiteit te funderen of als men tot de conclusie komt dat iets als persoonsidentiteit eigenlijk niet bestaat, dan zet dit bijvoorbeeld moreleverantwoordelijkheid op het spel.? Zonder persoonsidentiteit kan men niet stellen dat hij die misdaad heeft gedaan. Daarnaast is het ook belangrijk voor bijvoorbeeld iets als bezit, want als men niet kan stellen dat de persoon die het nu heeft dezelfde persoon is die het kocht, dan kan men eigenlijk niet spreken over legitiem bezit. Op levensbeschouwelijk vlak is het dan weer een cruciale vraag voor onderwerpen als zelfinteresse, liefde (van wat hou ik als ik van . Zo vindt men in het werk Theseus van Plutarchus. De vraag hierbij is nu of dit schip nog hetzelfde schip is als het oorspronkelijk was. Spontaan zou men geneigd zijn te zeggen dat dit nog steeds hetzelfde schip is; als men echter weet dat (praktisch) alle onderdelen inmiddels veranderd zijn, wordt dit problematisch. Dit staat daarom ook bekend onder de naam . Ook vindt men dit probleem al terug in de werken van Plato. Sommigen ervan zullen beweren dat het hetzelfde schip is, anderen dan weer niet. Is dat schip dan niet het schip van Theseus? Het zal pas in het werk van John Locke zijn, dat de aandacht wordt gericht op deze paradox bij de mens zelf: wat maakt dat een mens hetzelfde is, zelfs als zijn hele lichaam in de loop van de tijd veranderd is? Gedachte- experimenten. Locke stelt dat men kan indenken dat iemands hele denken, zijn ziel, wordt overgezet in een ander lichaam zonder daarbij zijn identiteit te verliezen. Het grote verschil is wel dat men niet meer spreekt over de transplantatie van de ziel, maar eerder een (gedeeltelijke) transplantatie van de hersenen. Vele hedendaagse filosofen zijn immers materialist en ontkennen het bestaan van een ziel. Een voorbeeld van zo'n gedachte- experiment is het hypothetisch geval van iemand wiens hersenen zijn overgebracht op een ander lichaam. De ontvanger van deze hersenen zal daarna dan denken dat hij het is die de herinneringen en het leven van de donor had. Een ander voorbeeld, dat meer in de richting van sciencefiction gaat, is het geval waarbij iemand door een . Daar worden dan zijn herinneringen en karakter in het nieuwe lichaam . De vraag bij beide gevallen is nu of deze personen al dan niet identiek zijn met de personen voor de transplantatie of voor de teletransportatie. De Britse filosoof David Wiggins stelt nog een problematischer gedachte- experiment voor: stel je voor dat iemands beide hemisferen naar twee verschillende personen toegaat. Men heeft hier dus als resultaat niet een nieuw persoon, waar men moet uitmaken of het dezelfde persoon is, maar twee personen. Dit is problematisch, want het is logisch niet consistent te zeggen dat twee personen dezelfde persoon zijn als de oorspronkelijke donor; het zijn immers twee personen en niet . Deze voorbeelden vormen dus een probleem voor de psychologische benaderingswijze, zoals bij Locke en Hume. Een ander interessante vraag die deze gedachte- experimenten oproepen is wat voor een relatie de huidige persoon heeft tegen eventuele toekomstige . Moet ik bijvoorbeeld in het laatste geval evenveel geven om de toekomst van de beide personen die met mijn hersens rondlopen, zelfs als ik niet kan zeggen dat ik identiek ben met deze personen? Deze vragen komen sterk naar voren in het werk Reasons and Persons (1. Derek Parfit waarin hij verscheidene van deze gedachte- experimenten voorstelt en bespreekt. I have been to Mars before, but only by the old method, a space- ship journey taking several weeks. The machine will send me at the speed of light. I merely have to press the green button. Like others, I am nervous. I remind myself what I have been told to expect. When I press the button, I shall lose consciousness, and then wake up at what seems like a moment later. In fact I shall have been unconscious for about an hour. The Scanner here on earth will destroy my brain and body, while recording the exact states of all my cells. It will the transmit this information by radio. Traveling at the speed of light, the message will take three minutes to reach the Replicator on Mars. This will create, out of new matter, a brain and body exactly like mine. It will be in this new body that I shall wake up. I am now back in the cubicle, ready for another trip to Mars. But this time, when I press the green button, I do not lose consciousness. There is a whirring sound, then silence. I do not lose consciousness. I leave the cubicle, and say to the attendant: “It’s not working. What did I do wrong?” . This reads: “The New Scanner records your blueprint without destroying your brain and your body. We hope that you will welcome the opportunities which this technical advance offers. The attendant tells me that I am one of the first people to use the New Scanner. He adds that, if I stay for an hour, I can use the Intercom to see and talk to myself on Mars. On the screen I see myself just as I do in the mirror every morning. But there are two differences. On the screen I am not lef- right reversed. And, while I stand here speechless, I can see and hear myself, in the studio on Mars, starting to speak.”. In ons alledaags denken over identiteit spreekt men immers in termen van . In feite verschuift men hier het probleem alleen maar mee, want als men het lichaam aanwijst, moet men nog kunnen antwoorden op de vraag wat nu net de identiteit van het lichaam zelf bewerkstelligt. Dit staat gekend onder de noemer van het animalisme, en wordt onder andere vertegenwoordigd door Eric Olson en David Wiggins. Dit is volgens animalisten onhoudbaar en daarom verwerpen ze ook de psychologische benaderingen. Iemand als David Wiggins stelt het volgende criterium voor. Daarnaast moeten ze een oplossing bieden voor het geval waarbij iemands hersenen gedeeld worden naar twee personen of het geval van de teletransporter waar iemands lichaam eigenlijk helemaal vervangen wordt. Identiteit van het Metafysisch Ego. Descartes komt dit vooral op het spoor via introspectie en cartesiaanse twijfel. Na alle twijfel blijft er toch nog het feit over dat er een denkend ding is, en dit is volgens Descartes dit metafysisch Ego. Een ander filosoof die hiermee wordt geassocieerd, is de Duitse filosoof Gottfried Leibniz die eveneens het Zelf opvatte als een immateri. Concreter zag hij de wereld opgebouwd uit monaden, een soort spirituele substanties, en elke mens was fundamenteel gelijk aan zo'n monade. Leibniz gaat in zekere zin nog verder, en stelt een parallellisme voor als oplossing voor het lichaam- geestprobleem. De filosoof Thomas Reid, ook een voorstander van deze benadering, verwoordt het als volgt. Whatever this self may be, it is something which thinks, and deliberates, and resolves, and acts, and suffers. I am not thought, I am not action, I am not feeling; I am something that thinks, and acts, and suffers. Op de vraag wat deze immateri. Er is een onveranderbaar en ondeelbaar Ego in het lichaam waarbinnen de ervaringen zich afspelen. Het criteria van persoonsidentiteit is duidelijk en vast afgelijnd: of je hebt dit Ego en je bent die persoon, of je hebt dit Ego niet, en dus ben je ook die persoon niet. Niet te observeren. Een kritiek hierop is geformuleerd door David Hume. Hij stelt, geheel in de lijn met zijn empirisme, dat als men een persoon van dichtbij bekijkt, men wel handelingen, gedachten, gevoelens en dergelijken ziet. |